Assignment of Paper 106: The 20th Century Literature: 1900 to World War II

Paper 106: The Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg in the Age of the Algorithm: Surveillance Capitalism and the Performative Self in The Great Gatsby 

Assignment of Paper 106: The 20th Century Literature: 1900 to World War II 

The Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg in the Age of the Algorithm: Surveillance Capitalism and the Performative Self in The Great Gatsby 

Academic Details: 

•  Name: Chetna J. Bhaliya 
•  Roll No.: 03 
•  Enrollment No.: 5108250003 
•  Sem.: 2 
•  Batch: 2025-27 
•  E-mail: bhaliyachetna4112@gmail.com  

Assignment Details: 

•  Paper Name: The 20th Century Literature: 1900 to World War II 
•  Paper No.: 106 
•  Paper Code: 22399 
•  Unit: 3 
• Topic: The Eyes of T.J. Eckleburg in the Age of the Algorithm:                 Surveillance Capitalism and the Performative Self in                     The Great Gatsby 
• Submitted To: Smt. Gardi, Department of  English, MKBU
• Submitted Date:  3rd May 2026

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The following information numbers are counted using Quill Bot: 

•  Images: 2 
•  Words: 4029 
•  Characters: 28178  
•  Characters without spaces: 24257 
•  Paragraphs: 164 
•  Sentences: 343 
•  Reading time: 16 m 7 s 

 

Table of Contents 

Abstract ..................................................................... 2

Keywords ..................................................................... 3

Research Question ............................................................ 3

Hypothesis ................................................................... 3

1. Introduction .............................................................. 4

   1.1 The Social World of The Great Gatsby .................................. 4

   1.2 Symbolism in the Novel ................................................ 5

   1.3 Moral Interpretation of the Eyes ...................................... 5

   1.4 Relevance of the Symbol in Contemporary Context ....................... 6

2. The Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg as a Symbol of Observation .................... 7

   2.1 The Location and Symbolic Position of the Billboard ................... 7

   2.2 The Eyes and Moral Ambiguity .......................................... 8

   2.3 Critical Interpretations of the Symbol ................................ 8

3. Surveillance Capitalism and Modern Systems of Observation ................. 9

   3.1 The Concept of Surveillance Capitalism ................................ 9

   3.2 Parallels with the World of the Novel ................................ 10

4. Gatsby’s Self-Invention and the Performative Self ........................ 10

   4.1 Gatsby’s Transformation .............................................. 11

   4.2 Performance and Social Recognition ................................... 12

   4.3 Parallels with Digital Identity ...................................... 13

5. Spectacle, Wealth, and Social Performance ................................ 14

   5.1 The Culture of Spectacle ............................................. 14

   5.2 Illusion and Social Distance ......................................... 15

   5.3 The Valley of Ashes as a Counter-Image ............................... 16

6. From the Billboard to the Algorithm ...................................... 17

   6.1 Observation in the Digital Age ....................................... 17

   6.2 Performance in Online Spaces ......................................... 18

   6.3 The Continuing Relevance of Fitzgerald’s Symbol ...................... 19

7. Conclusion ............................................................... 20

References: ................................................................. 20

Abstract 

This assignment examines the symbolic significance of the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg in The Great Gatsby and explores their relevance within the context of contemporary digital culture. While traditionally interpreted as a representation of moral judgment or the loss of spiritual authority, the symbol can also be understood through the framework of surveillance capitalism and performative identity. By analyzing the role of observation, spectacle, and social performance within the novel, the study demonstrates how Fitzgerald’s depiction of social life anticipates the dynamics of modern algorithmic surveillance and digitally mediated identity formation. The analysis highlights how characters construct identities through public display, reputation, and visibility—processes that resemble the performative identities shaped by social media and digital platforms today. Ultimately, the assignment argues that the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg symbolize not only moral observation but also broader systems of visibility and social monitoring, making Fitzgerald’s novel strikingly relevant in the age of algorithmic culture. 

Keywords 

Surveillance Capitalism; Performative Identity; Observation; Spectacle; Social Visibility; Digital Culture 

Research Question 

How can the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg in The Great Gatsby be interpreted as a symbol of observation and surveillance, and how does this symbolism relate to contemporary concepts such as surveillance capitalism and the performative self? 

Hypothesis 

The Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg function not only as a symbol of moral observation but also as an early representation of systems of visibility and surveillance that shape identity through social performance. When examined through the framework of surveillance capitalism, the symbol anticipates modern digital cultures in which individuals construct identities under conditions of constant observation. 

1. Introduction 

 

1.1 The Social World of The Great Gatsby 

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby explores the complexities of wealth, identity, and social aspiration in the United States during the 1920s. Set in the era of the Jazz Age, the novel portrays a society driven by material success, consumer culture, and social prestige while simultaneously exposing the illusions underlying the American Dream. The period following the First World War witnessed rapid economic expansion and the emergence of a new culture of luxury, entertainment, and urban modernity. Within this environment, social status became closely associated with wealth, appearance, and public display. 

Fitzgerald presents a world in which appearances and social status often matter more than authenticity and moral integrity. The characters in the novel inhabit a social environment where reputation, visibility, and spectacle shape personal relationships and define social identity. Beneath the glamour of extravagant parties and luxurious lifestyles lies a deeper sense of emptiness and moral disorientation. Fitzgerald’s narrative therefore functions not only as a story of romantic obsession but also as a critique of the social values that define the American Dream. 

1.2 Symbolism in the Novel 

Among the many symbols in the novel, the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg occupy a central and mysterious place. The image appears as a faded advertisement billboard overlooking the Valley of Ashes, a bleak industrial landscape situated between the wealthy communities of West Egg and East Egg. The enormous blue eyes, painted on the billboard and framed by large spectacles, appear to observe everything that occurs beneath them. Although the advertisement was originally designed to promote the services of an oculist, its commercial purpose has long since disappeared. Over time, the billboard has become weathered and neglected, standing as a silent relic of a forgotten advertisement. 

Despite its ordinary origin, the image gains profound symbolic meaning within the narrative. The presence of the billboard above the desolate Valley of Ashes creates a striking visual contrast between wealth and poverty, prosperity and decay. The Eyes seem to watch the actions of the characters without offering judgment or intervention. Their silent gaze contributes to the atmosphere of ambiguity and moral uncertainty that characterizes the novel. 

1.3 Moral Interpretation of the Eyes 

For some characters, particularly George Wilson, the Eyes appear to represent divine observation. After discovering Myrtle’s death and suspecting Tom Buchanan’s involvement, Wilson turns to the billboard and declares that “God sees everything.” In his moment of despair and confusion, Wilson interprets the eyes as the presence of a moral authority that observes human behavior and judges wrongdoing. 

However, Fitzgerald presents this interpretation as deeply ironic. The billboard itself is merely an abandoned advertisement, lacking any spiritual or moral authority. The eyes do not speak, intervene, or provide guidance. Instead, they remain a silent witness to the corruption, deception, and social inequality present in the novel. This ambiguity raises important questions about the role of morality and responsibility in a society dominated by wealth and self-interest. 

1.4 Relevance of the Symbol in Contemporary Context 

Scholars have long debated the meaning of this symbol. Some critics interpret the Eyes as representing the loss of religious authority in modern society, while others emphasize their role in highlighting moral emptiness and social decay. Yet the symbol also resonates strongly with contemporary concerns about surveillance, visibility, and social observation. 

Modern societies increasingly operate under systems of digital monitoring and data collection. Individuals are constantly observed through online platforms, digital technologies, and algorithmic systems that track behavior, preferences, and interactions. Social media, search engines, and digital devices collect vast amounts of personal information, shaping not only consumer behavior but also social identity. 

These systems influence how individuals present themselves to others, encouraging the construction of carefully curated public identities. In such an environment, visibility becomes a form of social power, and individuals often perform identities designed to attract recognition and validation. 

When examined from this perspective, the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg appear remarkably relevant to contemporary culture. The symbol reflects a world in which individuals exist under constant observation and construct identities through visible social performances. Fitzgerald’s novel therefore anticipates many of the dynamics that define identity and social interaction in the digital age. 

2. The Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg as a Symbol of Observation 

2.1 The Location and Symbolic Position of the Billboard 

The symbolic importance of the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg becomes clearer when one considers their physical location within the narrative. The billboard stands above the Valley of Ashes, a barren and polluted landscape that represents the darker side of industrial modernity. This valley lies between the fashionable districts of West Egg and East Egg and the bustling city of New York. 

By placing the billboard in this desolate environment, Fitzgerald creates a symbolic vantage point from which the eyes appear to observe the moral contradictions of society. The eyes overlook the struggles of the working class while also witnessing the extravagant lifestyles of the wealthy elite. Their elevated position reinforces the impression that they possess a wide and all-seeing perspective. 

2.2 The Eyes and Moral Ambiguity 

One of the most memorable moments in the novel occurs when George Wilson interprets the billboard as the eyes of God. In his grief and desperation following Myrtle’s death, Wilson seeks a sense of moral justice in a world that seems chaotic and unfair. His belief that “God sees everything” reflects a human desire to believe that wrongdoing will ultimately be punished. 

Yet Fitzgerald deliberately undermines this interpretation. The billboard is not a divine presence but an abandoned advertisement. Its eyes stare out blankly at the world, incapable of offering moral guidance or intervention. This ironic contrast highlights the absence of meaningful moral authority in the society depicted in the novel. 

2.3 Critical Interpretations of the Symbol 

Several literary critics have explored the symbolic meaning of the Eyes of Eckleburg. Tom Burnam famously argued that the billboard represents a distorted form of spiritual awareness within a morally declining society. According to Burnam, the eyes remind readers that the possibility of moral judgment still lingers even in an environment dominated by material ambition. 

Other scholars, such as Sanford Pinsker and Dale B. J. Randall, emphasize the broader theme of observation and perception within the novel. They suggest that Fitzgerald repeatedly draws attention to acts of seeing and being seen. Characters observe one another carefully, interpreting clothing, manners, and behavior in order to determine social status. In this sense, the Eyes of Eckleburg symbolize not only moral awareness but also the experience of being watched. Their presence reinforces the idea that identity within the novel is shaped by observation, interpretation, and public perception. 

3. Surveillance Capitalism and Modern Systems of Observation 

3.1 The Concept of Surveillance Capitalism 

In the contemporary world, observation has become a central feature of social and economic systems. Scholar Shoshana Zuboff describes this phenomenon as surveillance capitalism, a system in which corporations collect and analyze behavioral data in order to predict and influence human actions. 

Digital technologies allow companies to monitor online activities, track consumer behavior, and gather detailed information about individuals’ preferences and habits. This data is then used to create predictive models that guide advertising strategies, influence consumer decisions, and shape social interaction. 

Within this system, individuals become both the subjects and the sources of surveillance. Everyday activities such as browsing the internet, using social media, or purchasing products generate valuable data that corporations can analyze and monetize. 

3.2 Parallels with the World of the Novel 

Although Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby nearly a century before the rise of digital technology, the novel reflects a similar cultural logic of observation and visibility. Social life in the novel depends heavily on reputation and public image. Characters constantly monitor one another’s behavior, interpreting appearances in order to understand social hierarchy. 

The Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg resemble a symbolic form of surveillance. The billboard’s gaze suggests a world in which individuals are constantly observed, even if the observer remains distant and impersonal. Like modern algorithmic systems, the eyes do not intervene directly; they simply watch and record the actions taking place beneath them.  

4. Gatsby’s Self-Invention and the Performative Self 

4.1 Gatsby’s Transformation 

Jay Gatsby represents the most striking example of performative identity in the novel. Born as James Gatz to a modest farming family in North Dakota, Gatsby reinvents himself as a wealthy and sophisticated social figure in order to pursue his dream of winning Daisy Buchanan’s love. This transformation is not simply a matter of financial success but a carefully constructed performance designed to create the appearance of aristocratic refinement and social legitimacy. 

Gatsby’s transformation begins when he encounters the world of wealth and luxury during his youth. Determined to escape his humble origins, he constructs a new identity that aligns with the ideals of success and prestige associated with the American Dream. He changes his name, cultivates refined manners, and acquires the external symbols of wealth that signal elite social status. 

This process of self-reinvention demonstrates how identity in the novel is closely tied to visibility and perception. Gatsby’s mansion, luxurious automobile, and elegant clothing function as visible indicators of his new social position. These material symbols allow him to present himself as a member of the upper class even though his background remains unknown or ambiguous. 

Fitzgerald’s portrayal of Gatsby therefore highlights the extent to which identity can be constructed through performance and appearance. Gatsby’s success depends not only on wealth but also on his ability to convince others that he truly belongs to the world of privilege and sophistication. 

4.2 Performance and Social Recognition 

The performative nature of Gatsby’s identity becomes especially evident in the elaborate parties he hosts at his mansion in West Egg. Every weekend, hundreds of guests gather to enjoy music, dancing, and extravagant hospitality. These gatherings transform Gatsby’s home into a spectacle of wealth and luxury that attracts attention from across New York society. 

Interestingly, many of the guests who attend these parties have never met Gatsby personally. They participate in the spectacle of his lifestyle while circulating rumors about his past, speculating that he might be a spy, a criminal, or a distant relative of European royalty. These rumors demonstrate that Gatsby’s identity exists largely as a social narrative shaped by public perception rather than direct personal knowledge. 

Through these performances, Gatsby attempts to create an environment that will eventually bring Daisy into his world. His parties are not merely expressions of wealth but strategic displays designed to attract attention and recognition. By presenting himself as a figure of immense social prestige, Gatsby hopes to convince Daisy that he has achieved the status necessary to fulfill her expectations. 

This emphasis on recognition reveals a broader theme in the novel: social identity depends heavily on how individuals are perceived by others. Characters carefully observe one another’s behavior, clothing, and social connections in order to determine status and legitimacy. In this context, Gatsby’s identity functions as a performance directed toward an audience whose approval determines his success. 

4.3 Parallels with Digital Identity 

The performative nature of Gatsby’s identity closely resembles the dynamics of identity construction in contemporary digital culture. In modern societies, individuals frequently present curated versions of themselves through online platforms such as social media, professional networking sites, and digital communities. 

These platforms encourage users to highlight achievements, attractive experiences, and desirable personal qualities while minimizing aspects of their lives that might appear less impressive. Photographs, status updates, and personal profiles become tools through which individuals construct identities designed to attract attention and approval from others. 

Much like Gatsby’s carefully orchestrated lifestyle, these digital identities often function as performances directed toward a virtual audience. The desire for visibility and recognition can shape how individuals behave, influencing their choices of activities, clothing, and even social relationships. 

Gatsby’s story therefore illustrates a pattern that has become increasingly common in the digital age. The construction of identity through performance, visibility, and public display reflects a social environment in which recognition from others plays a crucial role in shaping self-perception and social status. 

However, Fitzgerald also reveals the limitations of such performative identities. Despite Gatsby’s wealth and carefully crafted persona, he ultimately fails to achieve genuine emotional connection with Daisy. His tragic fate suggests that identities based solely on performance and spectacle cannot fully replace authentic relationships and moral integrity. 

5. Spectacle, Wealth, and Social Performance 

5.1 The Culture of Spectacle 

The society depicted in The Great Gatsby is characterized by a strong emphasis on spectacle and display. Wealthy characters participate in elaborate performances of luxury that reinforce their social prestige and attract public attention. These displays function as visible demonstrations of success, reinforcing the social hierarchy that defines the world of the novel. 

Gatsby’s parties provide the most vivid illustration of this culture of spectacle. The events are marked by dazzling lights, orchestral music, flowing champagne, and an atmosphere of continuous celebration. Guests arrive in expensive cars and elegant clothing, transforming Gatsby’s mansion into a theatrical space where wealth is displayed and admired. 

Such spectacles serve an important social function within the narrative. They allow characters to assert their status while simultaneously reinforcing the values of a society that equates success with material abundance. The emphasis on visual display reflects a broader cultural environment in which appearance and reputation hold greater importance than personal integrity. 

The spectacle of wealth also contributes to the novel’s critique of the American Dream. Although the characters appear to enjoy limitless prosperity, their lives are often marked by superficial relationships and moral indifference. Fitzgerald suggests that the pursuit of wealth and prestige has transformed social life into a performance in which individuals seek admiration rather than genuine connection. 

5.2 Illusion and Social Distance 

Despite the excitement and glamour of Gatsby’s parties, Fitzgerald repeatedly emphasizes the emptiness that lies beneath these spectacles. The guests who attend the gatherings rarely form meaningful relationships with one another. Instead, they consume the entertainment provided by Gatsby while remaining emotionally detached from him as an individual. 

This social distance becomes particularly evident after Gatsby’s death. Although hundreds of people attended his parties, very few appear at his funeral. The absence of these guests highlights the superficial nature of the relationships formed through spectacle and public display. 

The contrast between appearance and reality underscores one of the central themes of the novel. The dazzling world of wealth and luxury creates the illusion of happiness and fulfillment, yet it conceals a deeper sense of loneliness and moral disorientation. Characters pursue status and recognition but often fail to establish genuine emotional connections with others. 

Through this portrayal, Fitzgerald critiques a social environment in which individuals become more concerned with maintaining appearances than with cultivating meaningful relationships. 

5.3 The Valley of Ashes as a Counter-Image 

The Valley of Ashes serves as a powerful counter-image to the glamorous world of East Egg and West Egg. This desolate industrial landscape represents the hidden cost of the prosperity enjoyed by the wealthy elite. Covered in grey dust and dominated by factories and waste, the valley symbolizes the social and environmental consequences of unchecked economic ambition. 

Working-class characters such as George Wilson struggle to survive in this harsh environment while the wealthy pursue pleasure and entertainment in nearby communities. The stark contrast between these 

spaces highlights the inequalities that underpin the social order of the novel. 

Positioned above this bleak landscape, the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg silently observe both worlds. The billboard’s gaze connects the luxurious spectacle of wealth with the suffering that exists beyond it. In doing so, the symbol reinforces the novel’s critique of a society that celebrates prosperity while ignoring its moral and social consequences. 

6. From the Billboard to the Algorithm 

6.1 Observation in the Digital Age 

When the symbolism of the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg is reconsidered within the context of contemporary digital culture, it gains new and striking relevance. Modern societies are increasingly shaped by systems of observation that operate through digital technologies, data collection, and algorithmic analysis. 

Online platforms track a wide range of human activities, including browsing habits, purchasing behavior, geographic movement, and social interaction. These systems collect vast quantities of data that can be analyzed to identify patterns and predict future behavior. In many ways, these digital systems resemble the silent gaze of the billboard in Fitzgerald’s novel. Just as the Eyes of Eckleburg observe the events of the Valley of Ashes without intervening, modern algorithms monitor human behavior from a distance. Individuals may not always be aware of the extent to which their actions are recorded and analyzed. 

This environment of constant observation creates new forms of social visibility. People increasingly live in a world where their activities leave digital traces that can be monitored by corporations, institutions, and technological systems. 

6.2 Performance in Online Spaces 

The expansion of digital observation has also transformed the ways in which individuals construct and present their identities. Social media platforms encourage users to share images, opinions, and experiences that can be viewed by large audiences. In doing so, these platforms create environments in which identity becomes closely connected to visibility and public recognition. 

Individuals often curate their online presence carefully, selecting content that reflects a desirable version of themselves. Photographs of achievements, travel experiences, and social events contribute to a digital narrative that emphasizes success, happiness, and attractiveness. 

This process resembles the performative strategies used by Gatsby in the novel. Just as Gatsby constructs an image of wealth and prestige through his mansion, parties, and possessions, modern individuals construct digital identities through carefully managed online profiles. 

However, the presence of algorithmic systems introduces an additional dimension to this process. Algorithms analyze user behavior in order to determine which content receives greater visibility and engagement. As a result, individuals may unconsciously adjust their self-presentation in ways that align with the expectations of digital platforms. 

6.3 The Continuing Relevance of Fitzgerald’s Symbol 

The connection between the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg and modern systems of digital observation demonstrates the enduring relevance of Fitzgerald’s novel. Although written in the early twentieth century, The Great Gatsby anticipates many of the cultural dynamics that shape contemporary society. 

The novel reveals how identity, visibility, and social recognition become intertwined within environments characterized by spectacle and observation. Characters perform identities in order to achieve social acceptance, while external systems of observation shape how these performances are perceived. 

In the digital age, similar processes occur through algorithmic monitoring and online platforms that structure social interaction. Individuals construct identities in response to systems that reward visibility and engagement, creating a culture in which performance becomes central to social life. 

Viewed from this perspective, the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg can be interpreted as an early metaphor for the pervasive observation that characterizes modern technological societies. The silent gaze of the billboard foreshadows the algorithmic systems that now monitor human behavior, reinforcing the idea that Fitzgerald’s novel remains profoundly relevant in the contemporary world. 

7. Conclusion 

The Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg remain one of the most powerful symbols in The Great Gatsby. While earlier interpretations emphasized their religious or moral significance, contemporary theoretical perspectives reveal broader implications related to observation, visibility, and identity. 

When examined through the lens of surveillance capitalism and spectacle, the symbol reflects the dynamics of observation and performative identity that shape modern social life. Characters in the anticipating the ways in which individuals present themselves in contemporary digital culture. 

Fitzgerald’s novel therefore continues to offer valuable insights into the relationship between identity, visibility, and social power. In the age of algorithms and digital surveillance, the silent gaze of the Eyes of T. J. Eckleburg appears more relevant than ever. anticipating the ways in which individuals present themselves in contemporary digital culture. 

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